Indonesia: Academic Misconduct Index Country Profile
Indonesia scores P=37.9 on the Academic Misconduct Index, placing it in Q4. The profile shows elevated collusion and moderate plagiarism combined with limited mandatory disclosure across Indonesia's large higher education sector. Here is what the data shows.
TL;DR
Indonesia scores P=37.88, R=19.2, Q4 (Probably not looking). High collusion (D5=72), moderate plagiarism (D4=64), elevated data fabrication (D6=45). BAN-PT accreditation framework but limited integrity-specific mandate.
TL;DR
Indonesia: P=37.88, R=19.2, Q4 (Probably not looking). High collusion (D5=72), moderate plagiarism (D4=64), elevated data fabrication (D6=45). BAN-PT accredits but does not mandate integrity-specific disclosure. Wide variance across Indonesia's large higher education sector.
AMI scores at a glance
- Prevalence Score (P): 37.88 — 25th of 39 countries
- Response Quality (R): 19.2
- Quadrant: Q4 — Probably not looking
- Data quality: A (5/6 dimensions from live data)
- Region: Asia (Southeast)
Dimension breakdown
| Dimension | Score |
|---|---|
| D1 Contract cheating | 67 |
| D2 AI submissions | 62 |
| D3 Exam impersonation | 16 |
| D4 Plagiarism | 64 |
| D5 Collusion | 72 |
| D6 Data fabrication | 45 |
What drives Indonesia's score
High collusion (D5 = 72)
Indonesia's D5 score is tied with India and Malaysia at the third-highest level in the dataset. Large class sizes, group-work cultures, and assessment designs that do not consistently distinguish individual from collective contribution all contribute. Indonesian higher education's rapid expansion has not been matched by proportional investment in assessment infrastructure.
Contract cheating (D1 = 67)
Indonesian-language and English-language search volume for essay mill services places Indonesia in the moderate-elevated band. The Indonesian market includes both Bahasa Indonesia services and English-language services targeting students in international programmes.
Data fabrication (D6 = 45)
Indonesia's Retraction Watch signal is moderate. Indonesian research output has grown substantially, particularly at UI, ITB, UGM, and a small set of leading research universities. The misconduct-linked retraction rate per publication is consistent with regional Southeast Asian patterns.
AI submissions (D2 = 62)
Indonesian search volume for AI submission tools is in the moderate-elevated band. The Indonesian student population is large and digitally engaged, generating substantial absolute signal volume.
R-Score breakdown
- Legislation: 15 — research integrity provisions; no specific essay mill ban
- Detection tools: 30 — Turnitin partial deployment, concentrated at top institutions
- Disclosure: 12 — limited public reporting
- Penalties: 20 — institutional codes vary
BAN-PT
The National Accreditation Board for Higher Education accredits Indonesian universities and study programmes. BAN-PT's standards include some integrity-relevant components but the agency does not mandate misconduct disclosure or universal detection tool deployment. The accreditation framework contributes modestly to the Disclosure sub-component.
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemdikbudristek) provides additional regulatory oversight but has not introduced integrity-specific legislation.
Why Indonesia is in Q4
The combination of moderate Prevalence (37.88) and low Response (19.2) places Indonesia in Q4. The pattern is consistent with regional Southeast Asian peers (Vietnam: R=14.5, Thailand: R=19.0, Malaysia: R=22.0) — moderate demand signals combined with institutional response that has not kept pace with sector growth.
Implications
For Indonesian policymakers, the scale of the higher education sector (4,500+ institutions) makes universal reform challenging. The most direct levers are mandatory detection tool deployment through BAN-PT requirements and integrity-specific disclosure requirements for accredited institutions.
For employers and admissions offices, Indonesian credentials show wide institutional variance. UI, ITB, UGM, and a small number of leading institutions have substantially stronger integrity infrastructure than the broader system.
Sources
- Google Trends (2022–2026), Indonesia country-level
- BAN-PT accreditation framework documentation
- Indonesian higher education integrity literature
- Retraction Watch Database, Crossref/GitLab (2026)
- Academic Misconduct Index v1.5 methodology
View full methodology | Download dataset
Related data
Frequently asked questions
What is Indonesia's academic misconduct score?
Indonesia scores P=37.88 (Prevalence) and R=19.2 (Response Quality) on the Academic Misconduct Index 2026, placing it in Q4 (Probably not looking). The Response Quality score is among the lower quartile in the dataset.
What is BAN-PT?
BAN-PT (Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi) is the National Accreditation Board for Higher Education in Indonesia. BAN-PT accredits Indonesian universities and study programmes using a multi-tier quality framework. Integrity-relevant standards exist but mandatory misconduct disclosure is not a current requirement.
How big is the academic integrity problem in Indonesian universities?
Indonesia's profile shows elevated collusion (D5=72), moderate plagiarism (D4=64), and moderate data fabrication (D6=45). The Indonesian higher education system serves over 8 million students [verify] across more than 4,500 institutions, with very wide variance in integrity infrastructure between elite institutions (UI, ITB, UGM) and the broader sector.
How to cite this article
APA: Booth, F. (2026). Indonesia: Academic Misconduct Index Country Profile. Academic Misconduct Index. https://academicmisconductindex.com/blog/indonesia-academic-misconduct-profile
BibTeX: @misc{booth2026indonesia, author={Booth, Francisco}, title={Indonesia: Academic Misconduct Index Country Profile}, year={2026}, url={https://academicmisconductindex.com/blog/indonesia-academic-misconduct-profile}}
Francisco Booth
Independent researcher, founder of the Academic Misconduct Index
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