Which country has the worst academic misconduct problem?

China scores 99.98 on the AMI Prevalence axis, the highest of 39 countries.

Which country has the best academic integrity?

Canada scores 4.90 and Australia scores 7.43 — the lowest estimated prevalence in the dataset.

What is the Academic Misconduct Index?

The AMI is an independent annual index measuring academic cheating prevalence and institutional response quality across 39 countries, created by Francisco Booth in 2026.

How many countries does the AMI cover?

Version 1.5 covers 39 countries.

Is the AMI data free to use?

Yes, all data is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

v1.5 — May 2026 — 39 Countries

Academic
Misconduct
Index

Name: Academic Misconduct Index
Creator: Francisco Booth
Published: 2026-05-01
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Measuring the prevalence of academic cheating and the quality of institutional responses across 39 countries. Two axes. Six dimensions. One independent index.

Countries

Misconduct dimensions

69,911

Retraction records analysed

Response components

Country scatter plot

Click any dot to see a country profile

No country selected

Click a dot on the chart to see the full country profile

Understanding the quadrants

Best in class

Low estimated prevalence and strong institutional response.

Aware and fighting it

High prevalence acknowledged and actively tackled.

Crisis zone

High prevalence combined with weak institutional response. Primary target for intervention.

Probably not looking

Low apparent prevalence likely reflects under-detection rather than genuine low misconduct.

Country rankings

39 countries shown

#	Country	Region	P-Score	R-Score	Quadrant	Quality
01	ChinaCN	Asia	100.0	23.8	Q3	A
02	ColombiaCO	Latin America	77.4	16.5	Q3	A
03	ArgentinaAR	Latin America	74.6	18.0	Q3	A
04	GreeceGR	Europe	74.0	20.0	Q3	A
05	EgyptEG	Middle East	64.6	12.0	Q3	A
06	PakistanPK	Asia	59.1	14.2	Q3	A
07	NorwayNO	Europe	57.2	47.5	Q3	A
08	IranIR	Middle East	57.0	13.2	Q3	A
09	ThailandTH	Asia	55.7	19.0	Q3	A
10	Saudi ArabiaSA	Middle East	54.0	17.5	Q3	A
11	MexicoMX	Latin America	51.4	17.5	Q3	A
12	PolandPL	Europe	51.2	32.5	Q3	A
13	United StatesUS	North America	48.1	51.2	Q1	A
14	ItalyIT	Europe	45.0	25.2	Q4	A
15	NetherlandsNL	Europe	44.5	51.2	Q1	A
16	FranceFR	Europe	44.0	32.5	Q4	A
17	TurkeyTR	Europe/Asia	43.5	21.2	Q4	A
18	NigeriaNG	Africa	43.5	12.5	Q4	A
19	IndiaIN	Asia	42.6	18.8	Q4	A
20	VietnamVN	Asia	42.6	14.5	Q4	A
21	SpainES	Europe	40.8	28.0	Q4	A
22	MalaysiaMY	Asia	40.4	22.0	Q4	A
23	BrazilBR	Latin America	39.8	18.0	Q4	A
24	KenyaKE	Africa	38.2	11.5	Q4	A
25	IndonesiaID	Asia	37.9	19.2	Q4	A
26	RussiaRU	Europe/Asia	37.5	16.8	Q4	A
27	SwedenSE	Europe	37.2	45.0	Q4	A
28	South KoreaKR	Asia	35.4	30.2	Q4	A
29	JapanJP	Asia	32.1	27.5	Q4	A
30	UkraineUA	Europe	22.5	28.2	Q4	A
31	New ZealandNZ	Asia-Pacific	21.3	58.8	Q1	A
32	South AfricaZA	Africa	19.3	30.0	Q4	A
33	PhilippinesPH	Asia	17.7	23.2	Q4	A
34	SingaporeSG	Asia	15.3	47.5	Q4	A
35	IrelandIE	Europe	12.2	78.8	Q1	A
36	United KingdomGB	Europe	11.4	87.5	Q1	A
37	GermanyDE	Europe	9.1	38.8	Q4	A
38	AustraliaAU	Asia-Pacific	7.4	88.8	Q1	A
39	CanadaCA	North America	4.9	60.0	Q1	A

AcademicMisconductIndex